Posts filed under 'Productivity'
It’s no secret that I’m a big fan of productivity, organization tools, life-hacks…those things really tickle me deep down. I get a kick out of hearing about a new tip or trick to make my life easier.
This one I stumbled on by accident, and it’s my favorite so far - one of the simplest too.
The idea? Put you important to-dos and memos where you’ll see them when it counts most; first-thing when you wake up and last-thing before bed.
Where? Your bathroom mirror.
How? Dry-erase markers! (a buck, or less)
Yep, you read that right. Write on your bathroom mirror with a dry-erase marker. It’s likely the first thing you see in the morning and the last thing you see before bed.
Did you tell a co-worker you would bring a them book? Write it on the mirror before bed and you won’t forget in the morning. Were you supposed to pickup something on your way to work? Write it on the mirror and you won’t have to worry about remembering.
It helps you have - like David Allen advocates - “a mind like water.”
There are two caveats to be aware of with this tip - so take note:
1) Writing all over the bathroom mirror has a low WAF (wife acceptance factor). Some will yell; most will look at you like you’ve gone insane, roll their eyes, sigh heavily, and tell you to “clean that up.” It helps if you have your own bathroom.
2) The marker wipes off with a little bath tissue, but doing so will leave some streaks. You’ll have to clean your mirror more often than you otherwise would (I believe this contributes to the low WAF), but it’s worth it.
I have a nearly foolproof method to overcome the low WAF problem. Before you start note-taking, go into the bathroom, stand where they would, and look in the mirror. Now draw a big heart framing your head and shoulders and write something suitably sweet underneath (”I ‘wuv’ you” works well).
Most importantly, don’t say anything about it. Don’t say, “Honey come check this out!”. Leave it alone and let them find it. They will by the end of the day, and you’ll get major brownie points for being such a big sweetie. Now you can start to make notes out to the edge of the mirror and work your way to the middle. After that, your imagination is the limit.
I use an Expo marker. They don’t have fumes that make you feel stoned, and in a small bathroom that’s a good thing. You can probably liberate a spare marker from your office, I have 10 different colors in the tray of my white board - I’ve only ever used red, black, and blue. One bit of advice: get a black marker; the dark color will show up a lot better on the mirror.
So there’s my $1.00 idea. It makes me happy inside every time I erase a to-do I’ve added to my mirror, and I’ve been able to stop worrying about those loose tasks that need attention, but that I don’t always stop to add to a paper list!
December 14th, 2007
Have you heard about Sandy? She’s a virtual assistant over at iwantsandy.com. When I first heard about “her” I thought, “What a great idea!” and signed up for a beta account.
After a fairly long wait - so long I had honestly forgotten about Sandy - I received a very polite email from her welcoming me as a member, and giving me some suggestions on how to start working with “her.”
I’ve “asked” her to remember a few things for me - nothing critical. But I have yet to really discover how to really take advantage of Sandy. The idea is such a good one - and it’s really well implemented, but I have been struggling to figure out how to work her into my regular productivity toolkit.
So I’m reaching out to see how my readers have been using Sandy. If you’re an IWantSandy.com user, please leave a comment letting me know how you use her, and what you think of the service.
If you’re not an IWantSandy.com user - go check out the service. It’s free for now (though I can’t imagine it will always be free) and the concept behind the service is excellent.
Maybe I just have too many productivity tools I’m trying to cram into my life, but I’m a sucker for a slick technology implementation.
September 27th, 2007
If you’re like me, sometimes the best thoughts strike at the worst times…like, say, when you’re driving.
Oh sure, I’ve been known to try to scribble a note to myself - holding the wheel with my knee, trying to pay attention to oncoming traffic. I’m sure it’s not the safest way to take a note on-the-go, but when inspiration hits you’ve got to be ready.
I knew there had to be a better way to capture my thoughts while I was in the car or in a place where writing a note was just impracticable. I thought that getting a voice recorder might be just the thing I was looking for. So I did a little research online and settled on an Olympus VN-2100 digital voice recorder. It was small, cheap, and held about 6 hours of recordings in “high” quality mode. It also was stylish in a sleek-white-iPodesque kind of way.
I was happy with my new toy…er, tool…and over the next few weeks proceeded to record a ton of ideas, thoughts, next actions, and musings.
After using it for about a month I discovered that there is usually a downside for every upside.
The good:
- Easy to collect your thoughts at the end of the day on the drive home
- Easy to record next actions & follow up items
- Great for not killing yourself while driving
The not so good:
- Get strange looks from the uninitiated when you record a “note to self…”
- You have to play back the notes, one by one, and process them into your capture system
- You have to actually have the thing with you when you want to record a note, or process your thoughts
The biggest problem I had was keeping the thing with me. It’s just big enough that slipping it into a pocket - while doable - is a bit uncomfortable. I looked like I was carrying an oddly shaped lump everywhere I went. I also had a hard time developing the habit of bringing it in from the car and then back out from my desk as I came and went. It was very easy to forget it in the console of my car, and it’s tough to process your thoughts when you don’t have the recorder!
Or I would remember to take it in to my desk, I would play all of my recordings and process them, then I would promptly forget the recorder on my desk when I headed back out to the car.
I also didn’t like the fact that capturing my recoded thoughts into my workflow was a real-time process. If I recorded 15 minutes of notes, it would take at least 15 minutes to replay them and organize them on my action lists or calendar.
I loved the idea of recording my thoughts while I was out and about, but the method wasn’t really working for me.
And then I found a very cool tool called Jott (http://www.jott.com/). I would say it’s a web-based tool, but that’s not entirely correct. It’s a piece of technology that makes capturing your thoughts and ideas very easy, and takes a lot of the work out of adding the items to your action lists, calendars, etc.
For me the biggest benefit is in “Jotting” myself. I signed up and listed my cell phone as my primary “Jott” device. When I call the main number (877-568-8486) it recognizes me by my cell phone’s caller ID. It asks “Who do you want to Jott?” and I respond by saying “Me” or “Myself.” Then it beeps and I can record my thoughts, when finished I hang up.
After you’ve hung up, serious voodoo magic happens. Jott’s servers transcribe your message and email it to you. A few minutes later I get an email with a transcription of my message. I can push it right into my GTD system with minimal effort, and I don’t have to replay the message and transcribe it myself.
After using the system for a while, I’ve been very impressed at how well it works with my notes. I would say the overall transcription accuracy is 80% to 85%. The times it’s not right, I’m usually using some slang or tech jargon or I’m calling from a pretty noisy environment. The nice thing is that when it can’t understand you it will say so in the message, and you can click the little speaker icon to hear the original.
Every morning I get an overview message of all the “Jotts” I left myself from the day before.
It also lets me setup individual contacts, and group them into lists. So I can record a note and have it emailed to a co-worker, or I can record a note and have it emailed to my entire department. If I think of something in the middle of the night that my teams to tackle the next morning; I roll over, grab my cellphone and when Jott asks me who I want to send the note to I say, “team.” How slick and simple is that?
What I don’t understand though (and have had a couple of converts ask me too) is how is this free? I can’t imagine this will stay free forever -and that makes me sad because it’s such a great tool. I think if they charge for it, a lot of people will be turned off of it and not try it out. For now though, there is no fee, and the only ads I’ve seen are in the daily overview I get each morning.
Jott also works much better for me than the digital recorder because while I had a hard time keeping the Olympus with me when I needed it, I always seem to have my RAZR in it’s trusty belt pouch. So it’s not been an issue at all to call and make the note (I keep Jott’s phone number on speed-dial #9 - to call I just hold the key for 2 seconds).
When I get back to my desk, I just copy and paste my transcribed notes into Tracks for my projects and next actions, or into 30Boxes for my calendar items. It doesn’t get much easier than that.
If you already use some type of voice capture while you’re driving or away from pen and paper you know how powerful the technique can be, I encourage you to check out Jott to take the power to the next level.
If you’re not doing any voice capture you’re really missing out. When you know that you can capture your thoughts and ideas (no matter how silly they later turn out to be) they just seem to flow out. Go and get a small voice recorder or sign up for Jott. You won’t regret either decision.
And for my standard disclaimer; I’m not affiliated with Jott in any way other than being a user who stumbled across the site out on the great big “Interweb”. They simply have a wicked cool tool, that really shows how amazing technology and a good idea can produce a killer online/offline application. I’ve not been given any consideration for this review of their service. I’m just trying to find great tools for myself, and share what I find with you.
June 28th, 2007
Does your wallet look like George Costanza owns it? Mine used to. One day I decided that I was sick of having a fat bulge in my back pocket, keeping me sitting slightly off-kilter, and generally hurting my posture.
I slimmed down my wallet - got rid of anything that wasn’t essential to my day-to-day activities - and moved it to my front pocket. Ahh, it was refreshing…invigorating…liberating!
There was one unintended side effect - I didn’t have room to carry the various “club cards” that were in my previous wallet. For a long time I simply didn’t care, usually the cashier at the local grocery would have a spare card at her register and swipe it for me.
But a few months ago all of the grocery stores around me stopped allowing the cashiers to use a “store” card. Customers who didn’t present a club card were out of luck (and out of saving some cash). I was not happy by this turn of events, and I wasn’t about to fatten my wallet back up with the various cards I would need to carry.
So I was extremely relieved to find JustOneClubCard.com. It’s a nifty little why-didn’t-I-think-of-that online application that creates a single, wallet-sized card with up to 8 club card barcodes on it.
No longer do I have to carry Marsh, Kroger, Dick’s Sporting Goods, and Office Depot cards (or rather, not carry them). I just entered the numbers from my real cards, and created one handy card to use!
Just One Club Card currently has over 120 cards in their database, and if you’re card isn’t listed you can use their “advanced” feature to try to create your own barcode using one of the 12 different barcode symbol sets.
You might get a few bizarre looks from cashiers when you present your all-in-one club card to them. So far I’ve only used it at Marsh and Kroger and at both places I’ve received the odd look, but I’ve been able to successfully convince the cashier it’s really a legitimate club card code.
So give it a try, your wallet (and your back) will thank you!
June 19th, 2007
I have previously written of my love of 3 x 5 index cards. I try to always keep some on me wherever I go to capture thoughts, “to dos”, and notes.
I had been using a leather card holder I picked up from an online company called Gifts For Professionals. It was inexpensive ($15.95) and held about 8 index cards neatly in my back pocket.
I had also looked at the Levenger pocket briefcase, but had stayed away from it because the $16 job from Gifts for Professionals had done the job.
Then the unthinkable happened…while in the middle of a move I lost my card holder.
I figured it would turn up, but the weeks ticked by and it never showed itself. I tried stuffing cards into my back pocket, but they would be grimy, creased and wrinkled when I pulled them out to use them. I needed a new card case.
So I decided to give the pocket briefcase from Levenger a try. Yes, it was more than twice a much, but past experiences with Levenger had been positive so I decided to give it a try.
I opted for the monogram and I don’t know if that delayed my order, but in today’s instant-always-on-world I don’t want to wait around for my online purchases. So I was a bit disappointed when it took over a week for my pocket briefcase to arrive.
But once I received it I was impressed. The packaging was first-class and the pocket briefcase itself was very nice. It’s construction also gave it two extra pockets that my previous 3 x 5 card case didn’t have.
It’s slightly thicker than my previous 3 x 5 card case, but not so much so that you notice it in your pocket. I have about 12 index cards in it right now and it feels about right. I could probably jam a few more in, but it would really get overloaded and, with capacity for only about 8 cards before, I’ve not run out.
I can highly recommend the pocket briefcase. If you’ve been on the fence about getting one; try it. Once you start carrying 3 x 5 cards you’ll wonder how you got by without them.
I will caution; don’t bother with the blank or personalized index cards that Levenger sells unless you’re an absolute paper snob. The paper is nice, but it’s not that much nicer than blank Oxford-brand 3 x 5 cards. I also like customizing the cards for my own needs and printing them out on my laser printer. I can print up a batch of 100 custom-printed 3 x 5 cards for about $3.00 (printer toner included).
I have to give my standard discalimer about product and service reviews. I’ve not been paid a dime to promote this item - In fact it cost me almost $50 with monogram and shipping!
June 5th, 2006
Yesterday I had the opportunity to lie down in a comfortable place while taking my nap. Let me forewarn you that unless you have immensely strong will power, this might not be the best idea.
I got comfortable, set a timer for 20 minutes and stretched out, ready to relax. Within minutes I was sound asleep and instead of power napping for 20 minutes, I slept for an hour and twenty minutes! I didn’t hear the timer I set, and finally was awake enough to look at my wrist watch and realize how long I had been out. I felt groggy and “thick headed” because it was too long of a nap.
So a word of caution if you’re power napping; don’t get to comfortable and fall completely asleep. If you’re not careful you’ll end up oversleeping and groggy at the end.
Today was much better - again I didn’t use any music of other aids to take power nap. I’ve found that after a day or two of it taking me longer to get settled down and relaxed, I so far feel like I get a deeper nap when I don’t use any music of the Pzizz software. Today I even noticed some hypnagogic images float through my mind. You can experience hypnagogic images and sounds when you’re right on the edge between being awake and being asleep. They’re sort of a dream you have while you’re awake.
I don’t really recall any specific details, but I realized that I wasn’t asleep and I was dreaming. It was a very surreal experience, not unlike a lucid dream.
I feel much more refreshed this afternoon.
So far power napping is getting two big thumbs up from me. I don’t feel like I’m quite as cranky and crabby in the afternoons because I’m more relaxed. Taking a 20 minute break in the middle of the day for “me time” has also a great stress reliever as well.
February 16th, 2006
I’m starting my second week of taking power naps during the day. For the last two days I’ve been napping without using any music or the Pzizz software I had been using last week. I want to have a control to see if I find a certain method works better for me.
I have noticed that when I “go it alone” I have been having a much more difficult time getting settled down and actually relaxing. My office is on a busy hallway and there is a lot of foot traffic and noise outside my door all day long - it’s very noticeable even when the door is closed (apparently because my door is made of balsa wood!). Couple that with the general noise of our warehouse (it’s on the other side of my back wall) and you end up with a pretty noisy environment in which to be resting and relaxing.
But I’ve been doing my best and while I find it’s taken me long to get relaxed without headphones and Pzizz playing, I can do it. I’ve also noticed that once I do get relaxed I feel like it’s at a deeper level. By the end of my nap I’m almost completely asleep and after stretching and “waking up” I find that I have more energy.
I think it’s possible because there isn’t anything other than normal office noise that my brain is concentrating on (and it’s learned to tune that out for the most part). When I used Pzizz last week I felt like I was able to get settled down much more quickly, but when I don’t use anything I feel like my naps have been deeper and more restful.
My plan is to finish out this week with no music or Pzizz while I nap. Next week I’ll use some soothing and relaxing music from a CD I own which doesn’t promise any specific restful results. My quest is to find out the best and most restful way to power nap. After doing it for the last week, I’m confident as I start on my second week of power napping that it’s a very valuable tool. I feel much more relaxed and energetic during the day, and I feel like my stress level is lower too. I highly recommend you give it a try if you’ve been reading these articles, but haven’t yet tried it for yourself.
February 15th, 2006
I’ve always been a fan of naps. They make you feel great (if you don’t sleep to long) and they’re easy to do almost anywhere you can get quiet for a short period of time (on your lunch break, etc.).
I’ve also been intrigued by self-hypnosis as a tool to enhance personal development. I dabbled in it years ago and was able to get to the point where I could - through relaxation and meditation - get myself into a light suggestive state. I never had any major break-through with self-hypnosis though, and because of that I let my interest in its possibilities wane.
I just discovered an interesting piece of software that promises to blend power-napping with subconscious suggestion and NLP to provide the refreshing power of a nap with the benefits of developing and improving yourself.
Is it a bunch of hooey? I don’t know…yet.
My plan is to use this system for a month and see if I notice any significant changes in my behavior, attitude, personal development, or just in how I feel.
The software is called Pzizz (download their free trial to check it out yourself). I don’t have any affiliation with this company, I found them while out surfing the Internet and their software piqued my interest.
I would be interested in hearing from any of you if you’ve used their software before and what experience you had with it. Please post a comment or use the contact form to get in touch with me.
Happy napping!
February 7th, 2006
What do you do that earns you money? If you’re a salesperson, the answer is probably pretty easy to come up with. But what if you’re not part of the revenue-chain in your position; how do you earn your keep?
Top performing salespeople are mindful of their pay-time and their no-pay-time and they work to keep the balance heavily in favor of pay-time. At my company, our top performing sales people don’t enter their own orders into our ordering system, they don’t send faxes with quotes for prospects, they don’t sit and polish their staplers…they get appointments and they get in front of prospects and customers.
That’s their pay-time. If they’re not booking an appointment or spending time in front of a prospect, they’re not actually providing value to the company.
But what if the value you provide isn’t so clearly defined? How do you know if you’re working in pay-time-mode or no-pay-time-mode, and how can you switch gears and spend more time in pay-time?
When I get to work, the first thing I do is check my email messages. I usually justify this to myself by noting that it’s possible someone will have contacted me with a major problem that needs resolving. In reality if any problem that major came up while I was out of the office my cell phone would be lit up like a Christmas tree.
For me, 90% of the time I spend dealing with my email is no-pay-time. Any sufficiently critical problem that arises that would put me into pay-time (i.e. earning my keep through crisis mitigation) will result in my phone ringing or someone appearing at my office door.
So I try to be mindful of this and limit the time I really spend in email. Sure, I still check it first thing in the morning, right after lunch and then in mid-afternoon (and there are some days with a few more checks thrown in) but I’m aware that the time I spend with my nose in Outlook is most definitely no-pay-time for me!
That’s the first trick; Be mindful of the tasks you’re working on.
When you’re mindful of what you’re working on, you can ask questions like, “Is this the best use of my time right now?” If the answer is “no” then it’s time to work on something else.
In my position - technology director - I don’t contribute directly to the bottom line. Usually information technology budgets are seen only as cost centers in companies; a necessary evil to business in the 21st century. Where my key contributions fall is keeping critical systems on-line and functioning smoothly and actively researching new ways to use technology to improve processes.
When our systems are running smoothly, our sales assistants can more easily enter the orders our sales people are generating, our receivables people can get customer statements easily printed, our accounts payable people can get our vendors and suppliers paid. In general, smooth running technology systems enable everyone else to do their job which does contribute to the bottom line.
Likewise, when I am working on improving business processes (with or without technology) those improvements are to enhance the business and save it money or allow people to get more done in less time. Business process enhancement does - for me - directly contribute to the bottom line.
This is the second trick; Know how you contribute to the bottom line.
When you know how you directly contribute to the bottom line, you’ll know what it is that you do that keeps you employed and brings the value of your paycheck to your company.
Being the technology director of a company means I’m flooded with requests as wide and varied as, “We need a proposal for a wireless warehouse implementation.” to “The printer is jammed and I don’t know how to fix it.” I am fortunate to have a great staff that can deflect a lot of the smaller issues so I can work on proposals for wireless warehouse implementations.
I’ve always been a “if-you-want-it-done-right-do-it-yourself” kind of guy. In this position I quickly found myself buried under a to-do list a mile long. Sure, I might know I’ll do it right, but if I never have time to get it done that’s usually worse! So I lean on my staff…a lot.
All of the small issues that I know are not what I do to bring value to the bottom line I try to delegate down to free me up to work on the projects that keep me in my pay-time.
This is the third trick; Delegate as many no-pay-time tasks as possible.
When you get unnecessary and low-value tasks off your to-do list you’ll feel much better because you won’t be worried about dropping a ball you have in the air by taking on too many tasks yourself.
Since I do have so many people come to me on a daily basis with requests for help, or requests for time on their pet project - whatever it may be - I have to pick and choose what I actually have the time to accomplish and what my staff has the time and resources to accomplish.
This means that some people have to hear the dreaded, “no.”
And this is tough for me - I’m not good at telling people no. It’s one area that I have to constantly remind myself I need to work and improve. I just don’t like to turn people down - maybe it’s a bit of my own “head trash” and inner fear of rejection. Whatever the case, something I have to constantly remind myself is, “It’s okay to say no!”
This is the fourth trick; When asked to take on more tasks that are no-pay-time tasks, just say “no.”
When I keep all four tricks in mind, I find that I spend consistently and considerably more of my time in the pay-time category; and this should be the goal of every high-achieving, goal-setting, self-improving person out there…I mean you!
Plus you can make a competition with yourself by charting your pay-time versus no-pay-time on a day-by-day basis. Your goal should be to improve the ratio a little every day.
In summary, keep these four tricks in mind to improve your pay-time vs. no-pay-time ratio:
1) Be mindful of the tasks you’re working on.
You can’t manage what you don’t measure; so start measuring!
2) Know how you contribute to the bottom line.
Be crystal clear on how your unique talent bring value to the bottom line. Know this whether you are on front-line sales or back-office support.
3) Delegate as many no-pay-time tasks as possible.
Your no-pay-time tasks are very likely someone else’s pay-time tasks.
4) When asked to take on more tasks that are no-pay-time tasks, just say “no.”
No one likes to hear “no”, but taking on too many tasks and getting nothing done is even worse! Plus many of these tasks are no-pay-time tasks.
Finally, keep in mind that if you start to weed out the no-pay-time tasks you’re regularly working on you may feel like you’re weeding out important tasks. Not every no-pay-time task is unimportant and not every pay-time task is important. The trick is knowing which are which, and minimizing your no-pay-time to (ideally) dealing only with the important no-pay-time tasks.
You’ll never get to the point where you spend 100% of your time in pay-time, but the closer you get the more productive and valuable you’ll be!
February 6th, 2006
Does the name Douglas McGregor ring a bell? If it doesn’t you’ve probably still experienced (internally or externally) his work.
In the 1960s he postulated his Theory X and Theory Y to describe attitude toward motivation (specifically in the workplace).
I think that these theories can be expanded to include not only workplace motivation, but motivation in general. These two theories can probably be best summed up as follows: Theory X = pessimistic view of people and motivation. Theory Y = optimistic view of people and motivation.
The basis of the two theories are:
Theory X - people are inherently lazy and will avoid work. They need close supervision and constant management to keep them on track. People prefer to be directed and dislike taking on responsibility and have a high need for security.
Theory Y - work is a natural part of life and people desire to excel and achieve. Job satisfaction is important and responsibility to implement and achieve a desired outcome are important and imagination and creativity are sought after and encouraged.
Of course, this is all just management theory - taught to aspiring BAs and MBAs. But if you look around, can’t you identify and categorize people into these categories pretty easily?
All around me are “X-people” and “Y-people”. The owner of the company I work for is most definitely a Y-person. He fully believes that people want to work hard, will work hard and are driven by responsibility and achievement. He will gladly handout more and more responsibility to anyone who asks for it. This is the filter through which he sees the world - to him everyone looks like a Y-person.
My father is more of an X-person. He believes that unless he’s directing a lot of little details about things happening around him, people will not do what’s necessary to accomplish the task at hand. This is the filter through which he sees the world - to him everyone looks like an X-person.
More than just a management theory, I believe that the “X” and “Y” perspective of viewing the world is something we apply to our own filters. If we believe people don’t want to work and need constant, micro-management we tend to apply this belief (unfairly) to everyone. Conversely, if we believe in personal responsibility, motivation and a sense of accomplishment and achievement by a job well done, we tend to apply that belief (unfairly) to everyone.
It can bite us in the backside both ways. I am a very strong Y-person and several years ago I was in a position where all of the management had an “X” orientation to motivation. Working in that atmosphere was unbearable. I was miserable and withing months of joining the team I was looking for a way out.
On the other side of the street; I had a person working for me a few years ago who would - if left to their own devices - do nothing to further their projects. They needed stronger guidance and supervision than I provided (being a strong Y-person) and subsequently they did not last long in the position either.
My job failed me because the management didn’t change their “X vs. Y” filters. I failed my employee because I didn’t change my “X vs. Y” filters.
The ideal solution is to evaluate people and put them into a situation that’s most comfortable and conducive for them, but most of the time we don’t stop to think about things like motivation factors. We often assume that people are motivated the same way we are, and that’s how we interact with them.
The first step to breaking out of our routine of seeing the whole world through a set filter is to know what the differences are (thank you Douglas McGregor!). The second step is to evaluate the relationships you’re in and the people in them to find out if it’s most appropriate to wear “X” glasses or “Y” glasses.
We have to learn to change our filters from permanent lenses to interchangeable lenses we can switch out when needed.
If you’re reading this article and this web site, I’m going to take the liberty and assume I’m communicating with another strongly oriented Y-person. I try to know my audience and write accordingly. This site is probably not well received by strongly oriented X-people.
Intellectually this makes a lot of sense, but actually doing it takes practice and work. The stronger your predilection towards “X” or “Y”, the harder you will have to work to view people through the other filter.
Sometimes the glass if half-full and sometimes the glass is half-empty, the trick is knowing which it is in the context of those that you interact with. My challenge to you is to work to try and view your “audience” through the appropriate X/Y glasses.
February 4th, 2006
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